Conjunctivitis: What we should know about its most common form
Article Author: Khatia Khutsishvili
Ophthalmologist
Conjunctivitis, which is often known to the public as "red eye," is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the connecting membrane of the eye. The conjunctiva is a thin mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the visible part of the eyeball up to the cornea. In this article, we will discuss in detail one of the most common forms of conjunctivitis – allergic conjunctivitis.
What causes allergic conjunctivitis?
Allergic conjunctivitis develops when the mucous membrane of the eye comes into contact with an allergen—a substance that triggers an intensified reaction from the immune system. The conjunctiva is particularly sensitive to various irritants. The list of allergens is quite extensive, and sometimes their precise identification is difficult.
The main allergens are:
Plant pollen and fungal spores;
Household chemical products;
Cosmetics and perfumes;
Certain medications;
Food products.
Types and Symptoms of Allergic Conjunctivitis
Allergic conjunctivitis primarily occurs in two forms: acute and chronic.
Acute Allergic ConjunctivitisAs a rule, it is seasonal in nature. It begins very soon after contact with an allergen in the form of an attack and is characterized by a short-term, episodic course.
The main symptoms are:
Swelling of the eyelids: The eyes feel puffy and heavy.
Redness and itching of the eyes: The most characteristic and bothersome sign. The itching can be so intense that the patient feels a constant urge to rub their eyes.
Tearing: Excessive watery discharge from the eyes.
Discharge: Characterized by a whitish, mucous, and sometimes foamy discharge.
Nasal discharge: Often appears alongside allergic rhinitis.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis The diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis is mostly made based on clinical signs and the patient's complaints. For additional research, the following may be used:
Allergy tests: To precisely identify the allergen.
Conjunctival swab analysis: To detect eosinophils (allergy marker cells).
Treatment: The primary principle of treatment is the elimination of contact with the allergen. If this is impossible, medicinal therapy is prescribed, depending on the severity of the symptoms.
Local treatment includes:
Cold compresses: Reduces swelling and discomfort.
Artificial tears: Washes out allergens and moisturizes the eye surface.
Antihistamine and mast-cell stabilizer drops: Blocks the allergic reaction and reduces itching and redness.
Steroid drops: Prescribed in severe cases, under strict medical supervision.
Local vasoconstrictors: Temporarily constricts blood vessels and reduces redness.
In severe cases, oral medications may be prescribed. Systemic antihistamines as well. Any treatment must be conducted under the supervision of an ophthalmologist.
